Thursday, July 30, 2020

Balancing the Energy Books, by Nick Drew

Some years ago on a sister blog to Broad Oak I wrote several posts noting how problematic was the rise in erratic forms of electricity generation (especially wind power) which presents the operators of grid systems with challenges that sometimes call upon extreme (and costly) (and inefficient) solutions.  Germany is the worst.

The underlying physical facts have not much changed; and the amount of wind power has increased considerably.  But the operators are good engineers - and regulators let them spend whatever they need to (and send us all the bill) - just keep the bloody lights on!   So, by and large, the lights have been kept on, albeit at the cost of ever more of those extreme, inefficient and expensive solutions.

However, new solutions are hoving ever closer into view as practical propositions.  Most of what I summarise below is not red-hot news in the industry; but a lot of MSM types are suddenly catching up with it.
  1. Storage:  it has long been the quip in physics labs around the world that "if you can invent a truly economic means of storing electricity, you can name your university after yourself".   I'm hoping it's obvious how cheap storage would contribute to the erratic windpower problem.  Well, a bit like The Cure For Cancer, there hasn't been a single mighty breakthrough; rather, a lot of impressive incremental improvements, not least in batteries - and we're getting there.  So, there are people building solar + battery combos, and massive grid-scale batteries at cunning points on the system, without subsidies: always the acid test.  It's early days: but we're getting there.  (It's not just batteries, either.)
  2. HydrogenI've written about this (and subsequently so, inter alia, has the DTel) quite recently.  I know there are loads of sceptical views out there: but believe me, the amount of private money and effort going into this is truly immense.  How does it contribute to the erratic windpower problem?  Easy: storing hydrogen is much easier than storing electricity, and negative-price electricity (offpeak windpower at times of big surplus: solar power in many, errr, sunny parts of the world) can generate quite cheap hydrogen, via electrolysis.  And hydrogen can be used for lots of applications - including generating electricity again!   (I'm summarising heavily because it's a very big picture that's rapidly developing.)
  3. Demand-side response & aggregator systems: when the price of electricity goes negative, you can pay people to take it off your hands.  Likewise, when it goes through the roof at times of peak usage, you can pay people to stop using it.  Who are "people"?  Well, just about anyone and any firm or organisation that can, with a bit of thought (and maybe a bit of investment), vary their demand in response to sufficiently juicy price incentives.  To make this work on a big scale requires a lot of software sitting in some aggregator's systems, crunching the most epic quantities of data real-time and transacting millions of times in small quantities.  There are more people with this vision than are making much money out of it - yet.   
On this last category of tool: the sole reason those recent (and thus far quite successful) electricity-market insurgents Ovo and Octopus are in the market as suppliers (an otherwise rather unrewarding business) is to play this game using the ever-expanding fleet of electric vehicle batteries, as soon as this can become a reality.  They expect to clean up.  As noted in the linked article, "It requires dedicated two-way charging equipment that can also communicate with the vehicles, as well high-level aggregator control systems. However all of this technology exists".  Yes - and right now Elon Musk (Tesla) refuses to make batteries that will do 2-way charging!  To be fair, it can shorten battery life significantly, and will require all sorts of potential hazards (and consequent insurance issues) to be resolved. Also warranty issues: if (e.g.) Ovo is offering a stonking real-time pricing deal that incentivises car owners to cane their batteries for £££, they will destroy them quite quickly.

It's all part of the vast, mostly-untapped world of demand-side response potential.  We are going to need it all, eventually: and storage, and hydrogen.  The good news is, this (like hydrogen replacing natural gas) is the kind of phenomenon that can grow slowly (at first), in small but steady degrees.  Contrast with the unicorn of carbon-capture-and-storage - everyone can describe it, some people believe in it, but it doesn't exist - which can only be done by hitting critical mass immediately. That's hard.  That takes public money.

The other beauty of DSR is, early adopters will love it (£££ + prestige) and then, at both the individual and the corporate level, it will become fashionable - always the best form of promo.

So:  balancing a grid which supports a large amount of windpower and solar will never be cost-free - there has to be some flipside to sources of energy with almost zero direct variable cost (i.e. no fuel) - but it is going to get ever more efficient.

ND

8 comments:

Sackerson said...

1: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity. 'The round-trip energy efficiency of PSH varies between 70%–80%, with some sources claiming up to 87%.'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity

The University of Sackerson will offer exclusively STEM courses; admission by competitive examination only. Academic staff will have no obligation to publish anything; teaching successfully will have the highest priority.

Nick Drew said...

PSH - indeed, a large-scale and ultra-flexible resource

UNFORTUNATELY

some rather specific geological conditions are required, and in these islands we don't have very many of them (unlike Norway, e.g.)

Paddington said...

Love the analysis. There is also the standard use of using excess generating capacity to produce potable water.

I also remember something about storing heat in molten salt.

Paddington said...

@Nick Drew - the concern about cost is only because the world has become used to relatively cheap fossil fuel in the past 200 years.

@Sackerson - that is the only way to make things really better, which is why our elected officials won't do it. The bean counters want control, and the fuzzy subjects don't like STEM because it is quite objective, but 'unfair' to minorities and women for reasons that we can't understand. They are also jealous.

Sackerson said...

@P: Explain it as a specialist facility (like schools for autistic kids); call it a 'monoversity.' Maybe that will keep the dogs off.

Sackerson said...

@Nick Drew: so generate here, store in Norway for a consideration, and have them cable it back to us as needed (PLUNS - Pipe Line Under the North Sea).

anon said...


@ store in Norway for a consideration, and have them cable it back to us

there is a cable under construction!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Link

Norwegian storage capacity is fairly fully utilised by Denmark & N Germany & Holland - they can't be the energy store for the whole of N.Europe!

to be fair, I don't know how much potential they still have for developing more pump storage

but ... an old theme! ... why do it elsewhere when we can do it here?! (tho the 'it' will of course be a different form of storage)

Sackerson said...

@Anon: Thank you for that information. Any reason why Scotland couldn't help? Or the Lake District?